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Table 2 Immune cell response following daily supplementation with 0, 2 or 8 mg astaxanthin after 0, 4 and 8 wk.

From: Astaxanthin decreased oxidative stress and inflammation and enhanced immune response in humans

Treatment

Wk 0

Wk 4

Wk 8

Total T cells (%)

   

   0 mg

65.9 ± 2.1

64.4 ± 1.9b

70.6 ± 1.5b

   2 mg

69.5 ± 1.4

69.6 ± 1.5a

75.7 ± 1.6a

   8 mg

67.2 ± 2.2

69.6 ± 1.8a

74.3 ± 1.8ab

Total Th cells (%)

   

   0 mg

35.3 ± 1.5

36.3 ± 1.7

39.6 ± 1.4

   2 mg

35.3 ± 1.8

36.0 ± 1.9

39.7 ± 2.0

   8 mg

35.2 ± 1.5

34.3 ± 1.4

38.4 ± 1.2

Total Tc cells (%)

   

   0 mg

26.7 ± 1.4

26.1 ± 1.2

28.4 ± 1.4

   2 mg

28.2 ± 1.9

27.6 ± 1.9

28.7 ± 1.6

   8 mg

28.4 ± 1.6

28.3 ± 1.6

28.8 ± 2.1

Th:Tc ratio cells

   

   0 mg

1.35 ± 0.07

1.43 ± 0.09

1.48 ± 0.10

   2 mg

1.31 ± 0.15

1.35 ± 0.16

1.46 ± 0.15

   8 mg

1.31 ± 0.13

1.29 ± 0.13

1.37 ± 0.14

Total B cells (%)

   

   0 mg

11.4 ± 0.9

11.1 ± 0.5

10.7 ± 0.5b

   2 mg

13.1 ± 1.1

12.7 ± 1.2

13.1 ± 0.5a

   8 mg

13.3 ± 1.4

11.9 ± 0.7

11.1 ± 0.3ab

Total NK cells (%)

   

   0 mg

13.7 ± 0.9

12.6 ± 1.2

10.6 ± 0.8

   2 mg

12.5 ± 1.0

13.1 ± 1.9

12.6 ± 1.5

   8 mg

13.4 ± 1.1

15.6 ± 1.4

13.1 ± 1.4

NK cytotoxic activity(% lysis)

   

   0 mg

51.5 ± 4.4

51.0 ± 2.5

57.8 ± 2.7b

   2 mg

58.2 ± 3.8

54.4 ± 2.9

57.1 ± 2.6b

   8 mg

56.1 ± 3.1

54.3 ± 1.9

67.9 ± 3.0a

  1. a, b Different letters represent significant treatment differences (P < 0.05) as analyzed by ANOVA. Values are means ± SEM.