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Table 2 The effect of vitamin D plus omega-3 fatty acids supplementations on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative in gestational diabetes patients1

From: The effects of vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids co-supplementation on biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress and pregnancy outcomes in patients with gestational diabetes

 

Placebo

(n = 30)

Vitamin D2

(n = 30)

Omega-33

(n = 30)

Vitamin D+ omega-34(n = 30)

P5

Serum 25-OH-vitamin D (ng/mL)

 Baseline

14.9 ± 3.2

13.6 ± 3.7

15.6 ± 4.0

14.2 ± 2.9

0.156

 End

14.7 ± 3.2

31.7 ± 6.8

16.3 ± 4.6

33.8 ± 4.6

<0.001

 Change

-0.2 ± 1.7

18.1 ± 4.4b

0.7 ± 2.8

19.5 ± 3.2b

<0.001

hs-CRP (mg/L)

 Baseline

7.2 ± 3.9

7.2 ± 6.4

8.0 ± 6.2

8.3 ± 4.6

0.815

 End

8.1 ± 4.0

6.4 ± 3.9

6.7 ± 5.9

6.3 ± 4.7

0.407

 Change

0.9 ± 2.7

-0.8 ± 4.4

−1.3 ± 2.4

−2.0 ± 3.3a

0.008

NO (μmol/L)

 Baseline

51.1 ± 13.0

54.1 ± 4.9

46.9 ± 4.9

46.1 ± 5.2

<0.001

 End

52.5 ± 15.4

60.0 ± 7.9

51.5 ± 7.3

48.4 ± 5.1

<0.001

 Change

1.4 ± 11.4

5.9 ± 9.0

4.6 ± 9.2

2.3 ± 7.5

0.230

TAC (mmol/L)

 Baseline

748.1 ± 109.7

807.2 ± 96.6

811.0 ± 54.3

906.4 ± 73.9

<0.001

 End

749.1 ± 91.2

862.3 ± 91.9

899.4 ± 112.8

998.5 ± 82.1

<0.001

 Change

1.0 ± 90.8

55.1 ± 123.6

88.4 ± 95.2a

92.1 ± 70.1a

0.001

GSH (μmol/L)

 Baseline

491.8 ± 173.5

456.6 ± 67.8

532.5 ± 49.6

518.3 ± 64.2

0.020

 End

484.0 ± 161.2

479.6 ± 59.7

562.5 ± 57.8

594.2 ± 60.9

<0.001

 Change

−7.8 ± 126.5

23.0 ± 62.3

30.0 ± 66.5

75.9 ± 86.7a

0.005

MDA (μmol/L)

 Baseline

3.2 ± 1.0

2.7 ± 0.4

3.5 ± 0.8

3.0 ± 0.5

<0.001

 End

3.7 ± 1.6

2.5 ± 0.3

3.2 ± 0.4

2.5 ± 0.3

<0.001

 Change

0.5 ± 1.4

−0.2 ± 0.5a

−0.3 ± 0.9a

−0.5 ± 0.5a

<0.001

  1. 1Data are means ± SDs
  2. 2Receiving 50,000 IU vitamin D every 2 weeks plus placebo for omega-3 fatty acids twice a day
  3. 3Receiving 1000 mg omega-3 fatty acids (180 mg EPA and 120 mg DHA) twice a day plus placebo for vitamin D every 2 weeks
  4. 4Receiving 50,000 IU vitamin D every 2 weeks plus 1000 mg omega-3 fatty acids twice a day
  5. 5Obtained from ANOVA test
  6. GSH, glutathione; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; MDA, malondialdehyde; NO, nitric oxide; TAC, total antioxidant capacity
  7. aSignificant difference with the placebo group
  8. bSignificant difference with the placebo and omega-3 fatty acids groups