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Table 3 Adjusted changes in metabolic variables in gestational diabetes patients that received either vitamin D plus omega-3 fatty acids, omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin D supplements or placebo1

From: The effects of vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids co-supplementation on biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress and pregnancy outcomes in patients with gestational diabetes

 

Placebo

(n = 30)

Vitamin D 2

(n = 30)

Omega-33

(n = 30)

Vitamin D+ omega-34

(n = 30)

P5

Serum 25-OH-vitamin D (ng/mL)

−0.2 ± 0.6

18.2 ± 0.6

0.7 ± 0.6

19.5 ± 0.6

<0.001

hs-CRP (mg/L)

0.8 ± 0.5

−1.0 ± 0.5

−1.2 ± 0.5

−1.9 ± 0.5

0.004

NO (μmol/L)

1.9 ± 1.6

7.9 ± 1.6

3.3 ± 1.6

1.0 ± 1.6

0.020

TAC (mmol/L)

−35.5 ± 17.1

49.1 ± 15.9

85.5 ± 15.8

137.6 ± 17.8

<0.001

GSH (μmol/L)

−12.4 ± 14.2

5.6 ± 14.5

45.2 ± 14.4

83.8 ± 14.3

<0.001

MDA (μmol/L)

0.5 ± 0.1

−0.4 ± 0.2

−0.1 ± 0.2

−0.5 ± 0.1

<0.001

  1. 1All values are means ± SEs. Values are adjusted for baseline values of parameters of biochemical, age and baseline BMI
  2. 2Receiving 50,000 IU vitamin D every 2 weeks plus placebo for omega-3 fatty acids twice a day
  3. 3Receiving 1000 mg omega-3 fatty acids (180 mg EPA and 120 mg DHA) twice a day plus placebo for vitamin D every 2 weeks
  4. 4Receiving 50,000 IU vitamin D every 2 weeks plus 1000 mg omega-3 fatty acids twice a day
  5. 5Obtained from ANCOVA test
  6. GSH, glutathione; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; MDA, malondialdehyde; NO, nitric oxide; TAC, total antioxidant capacity